Deciphering Implicit Hate: Evaluating Automated Detection Algorithms for Multimodal Hate (ACL Anthology)

While the unimodal-text context-aware (transformer) model was the most accurate on the subtask of implicit hate detection, the multimodal model outperformed it overall because of a lower propensity towards false positives. We find that all models perform better on content with full annotator agreement and that multimodal models are best at classifying the content where annotators disagree.

https://aclanthology.org/2021.findings-acl.166/