The present report provides a global overview of the dynamics characterizing hate speech online and some of the measures that have been adopted to counteract and mitigate it, highlighting good practices that have emerged at the local and global levels. While the study offers a comprehensive analysis of the international, regional and national normative frameworks developed to address hate speech online, it places particular emphasis on social and non-regulatory mechanisms that can help to counter the production, dissemination and impact of hateful messages. The findings of this study can be grouped around four main tensions: definition, jurisdiction, comprehension, and intervention.
https://www.unesco.org/en/articles/countering-online-hate-speech