Exposure to hate in online and traditional media: A systematic review and meta-analysis of the impact of this exposure on individuals and communities (Campbell Systematic Reviews)

This thorough research demonstrates that people and communities suffer greatly when exposed to hate speech in both traditional and internet media. It highlights how crucial it is to include these data when developing preventative, intervention, and policy initiatives. Hate speech propagates by normalizing prejudice and creating harm through skewed views and criticism. This adds to a more hostile atmosphere in addition to causing violence, victimization, and hate speech. On the other hand, this study indicates that those who are exposed to this kind of material do not exhibit heightened shock or disgust. This might be the reason why some people are against its control because it is widely spread and frequently seen as innocuous.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cl2.70018