Internet, social media and online hate speech. Systematic review (Aggression and Violent Behavior)

“The reviewed studies provided exploratory data about the Internet and social media as a space for online hate speech, types of cyberhate, terrorism as online hate trigger, online hate expressions and most common methods to assess online hate speech. As a general consensus on what is cyberhate, this is conceptualized as the use of violent, aggressive or offensive language, focused on a specific group of people who share a common property, which can be religion, race, gender or sex or political affiliation through the use of Internet and Social Networks, based on a power imbalance, which can be carried out repeatedly, systematically and uncontrollably, through digital media and often motivated by ideologies.”

https://prohic.nl/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/213-17mei2021-InternetOnlineHateSpeechtSystematicReview.pdf