This paper describes the development and implementation of an innovative resource, namely the Revised HurtLex Lexicon, in which every headword is annotated with an offensiveness level score. The starting point is HurtLex, a multilingual lexicon of hate words. Concentrating on the Italian entries, we revised the terms in HurtLex and derived an offensive score for each lexical item by applying an Item Response Theory model to the ratings provided by a large number of annotators. This resource can be used as part of a lexicon-based approach to track offensive and hateful content. Our work comprises an evaluation of the Revised HurtLex lexicon.
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11135-022-01494-7