Results revealed that most of the previous studies on hate speech focused on the field of computer science but rarely on the communication field. The paper presents the results of past studies and shows the new proposed framework. https://www.mdpi.com/2504-3900/82/1/29 Share this: Click to print (Opens in new window) Print Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window) Facebook Click to share on LinkedIn (Opens in new window) LinkedIn Click to share on Reddit (Opens in new window) Reddit Click to share on WhatsApp (Opens in new window) WhatsApp Click to share on Bluesky (Opens in new window) Bluesky Click to email a link to a friend (Opens in new window) Email Like this:Like Loading... Post navigation Empathy-based counterspeech can reduce racist hate speech in a social media field experiment (scite_) Temperature impacts on hate speech online: evidence from 4 billion geolocated tweets from the USA (The Lancet)