Results revealed that most of the previous studies on hate speech focused on the field of computer science but rarely on the communication field. The paper presents the results of past studies and shows the new proposed framework.https://www.mdpi.com/2504-3900/82/1/29Share this: Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window) Facebook Click to share on X (Opens in new window) X Like this:Like Loading... Post navigation Empathy-based counterspeech can reduce racist hate speech in a social media field experiment (scite_) Temperature impacts on hate speech online: evidence from 4 billion geolocated tweets from the USA (The Lancet)