The psychology of hate: Moral concerns differentiate hate from dislike (European Journal of Social Psychology)

“We investigated whether any differences in the psychological conceptualization of hate and dislike were simply a matter of degree of negativity (i.e., hate falls on the end of the continuum of dislike) or also morality (i.e., hate is imbued with distinct moral components that distinguish it from dislike). In three lab studies in Canada and the United States, participants reported disliked and hated attitude objects and rated each on dimensions including valence, attitude strength, morality, and emotional content.”

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/ejsp.2906